external markers of dyslipidemia 

acanthosis nigricans 

• a skin disorder characterized by darkening (hyperpigmentation) and thickening (hyperkeratosis) of the skin, occurring mainly in the folds of the skin, back of the neck, the axilla and/or groin 

xanthomas 

• Xanthomas are of many types including xanthelasma palpebrum, tuberous xanthomas, tendinous xanthomas, eruptive xanthomas, plane xanthomas, diffuse plane xanthomatosis, xanthoma disseminatum and giant gluteal xanthoma. Tuberous and tendinous xanthomas are typical of familial hypercholesterolemia and are common symptoms of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. 

tendinous  xanthomas 

xanthalesma palpebrum 

• Xanthelasma palpebrarum (XP) refers to the planar xanthomas that occur over eyelids. These are the most common cutaneous xanthomas, seen as yellow plaques over one or both lids. They are frequently symmetrical with the inner canthi involved more commonly than the outer ones and the upper eyelids more commonly than the lower.  

arcus juvenilis/ arcus cornealis

• A corneal arcus is a lipid-rich and predominantly extracellular deposit that forms at the corneoscleral limbus. It represents the most common peripheral corneal opacity and is not associated with tissue breakdown but rather with the deposition of lipids.